Field guide 01 / Systems engineering

Systems Engineering Foundations

Learn to see relationships, define boundaries, manage interfaces, and connect engineering evidence—one practical lesson at a time.

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Reading order

Start with the whole. Then add complexity.

Each lesson stands alone, but the sequence builds a useful vocabulary before adding new kinds of complexity.

  1. 01See the whole system
  2. 02Shape useful boundaries
  3. 03Connect the engineering model
  4. 04Coordinate independent systems

The course

Four foundations

beginner42 min

Systems Thinking

Learn a practical way to frame messy situations, trace behavior over time, and choose interventions with a clearer view of consequences.

ExerciseBoundary framing exercise

Key ideasSystem boundary / System context / Stocks and flows

beginner48 min

Modular Design Systems

Learn why decomposition is a design decision, how cohesion and coupling expose change risk, and where modularity creates tradeoffs.

ExerciseChange-impact architecture comparison

Key ideasDecomposition / Cohesion / Coupling

beginner52 min

Model-Based Systems Engineering

Learn what MBSE is—and is not—through a tool-agnostic model of an emergency-notification system.

ExerciseDocument-versus-model comparison

Key ideasModel purpose / Abstraction / View and viewpoint

beginner50 min

Systems of Systems Engineering

Learn why a System of Systems is not merely a very large system and practice analyzing a regional emergency-response capability.

ExerciseGovernance comparison

Key ideasConstituent independence / Evolutionary development / Governance types

Working skills

What you will practice

Frame the system

Draw a useful boundary, identify stakeholders, and trace feedback rather than analyzing isolated parts.

Design for change

Use cohesion, coupling, interfaces, and event-driven communication to make modular tradeoffs explicit.

Connect evidence

Relate needs, requirements, architecture, analysis, and verification through traceability and viewpoints.

Coordinate autonomy

Reason about governance, interoperability, emergence, and cascading risk across independent systems.

Lesson format

Read it. Work with it. Test it.

  1. LearnBeginner-focused explanations use cited standards, handbooks, and foundational literature.
  2. ExploreKeyboard-operable diagrams and small simulations make relationships visible.
  3. ApplyWorked examples and misconception checks turn definitions into decisions.
  4. AssessTen-question checks give immediate explanations and can be retried without penalty.

About the author

Built at the intersection of practice and teaching

Leif P. Heaney is an AI/ML and systems engineer and an adjunct faculty member. This learning hub translates systems engineering concepts into approachable, interactive material while keeping claims traceable to authoritative sources.

View experience and credentials →

On the syllabus

Notes for future lessons

These topics are in the notebook. They will be published as the examples, exercises, and references are ready.

Definition

Requirements Engineering

Turn stakeholder needs into clear, traceable, verifiable requirements.

Definition

System Architecture

Develop, compare, and communicate structural and behavioral architecture decisions.

Assurance

Verification and Validation

Build evidence that the system was built correctly and fulfills its intended use.

Decision

Trade Studies and Decision Analysis

Compare alternatives transparently under competing objectives and uncertainty.

Decision

Risk and Opportunity Management

Identify, analyze, treat, and monitor uncertainty across the life cycle.

Integration

Interface Management

Define, control, verify, and evolve cross-boundary agreements.

Digital

Digital Engineering

Connect authoritative data, models, workflows, and evidence across engineering work.

Digital

Digital Threads and Digital Twins

Distinguish connected life-cycle information from operational representations of specific assets.

Practice

System Life-Cycle Processes

Tailor technical and management processes to the system, organization, and life-cycle model.

Practice

Human Systems Integration

Design human roles, work, training, safety, and technology as one system.

Assurance

Reliability and Resilience

Reason about failure, recovery, adaptation, and sustained capability.

Practice

Configuration Management

Keep product definitions, baselines, changes, and evidence coherent over time.

Assurance

Technical Measurement

Use measures and indicators to understand progress, performance, and uncertainty.

Digital

Systems Engineering for AI-Enabled Systems

Engineer data, models, human oversight, change, and assurance as an integrated capability.